政治文献翻译中的加减法

————《2014年财政报告》英文翻译技巧探讨

作者:杨望平    发布时间:2015-01-21   
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在各类文本的翻译中,政治文献的中译英翻译往往更为严谨。译者的首要考虑是完整、准确传达原文,语意不能有任何疏漏、增添甚或歪曲,译文从结构、句式、篇章上也都更贴合中文,因而译者自由发挥的空间相对有限。但是,为使译文更加精准,更符合英文的表述习惯,必要时,我们也需要在准确理解原文的基础上,在翻译过程中做一些加减法。

正确地使用加减法则,不仅不会改变原文意思,而且会提高译文质量,使译文更准确、地道、流畅。所谓加法,就是在原文基础上增加表述,有时是扩充翻译,或者“显性翻译”,就是将中文精炼的表述拓展开,或者将中文隐含的意思翻译出来,以使译文上下连贯,逻辑通顺;有时是补充翻译,以使译文语法结构正确,意思完整。减法就是对中文的表述做必要的综合、删减或省略翻译,以使译文更地道,流畅。不管是做加法还是减法,我们必须加词不加意,减词不减意,最终目的仍然是既准确传达中文原意,又保留原文风格风貌。

政治文献的中译英翻译中,需要做加法的情况通常包括:

1. 对具有中国特色的政治术语,或者高度概括性政治概念、方针政策需要做解释性翻译时,我们会使用加法,进行“扩充翻译”,便于英语读者理解。例如:

开展财政支持农民专业合作组织发展创新试点和新型农业生产社会化服务体系建设试点。

We carried out trials of giving financial support for development of and innovations by specialized farmer cooperatives and pilot projects for developing a new system whereby various sectors of society provide services for agricultural production.

2. 中文政治文献中有很多无主句,或者有的句子缺少其它成分,这时我们也需要做加法,添加必要的句子成分,使英译文句子结构完整,语法正确。例如:

[1] 厉行勤俭节约。

Every area was economized.

[2] 建立将政府性基金中应统筹使用的资金调入公共财政预算的机制。

We will put in place a mechanism for transferring money of which use should be under the overall planning of government-managed funds into the public finance budget.

3. 在通透理解中文原文的基础上,有时需要将原文隐含的意思或者缺失的表述补译出来,以使译文逻辑上更通顺。例如:

[1] 完善国家自主创新示范区试点政策,扩大中央级事业单位科技成果处置权和收益权管理改革试点范围,延长试点期限。

We improved the policy on the trial establishment of national innovation demonstration zones, and extended the pilot reform to more selected institutions affiliated to the central government to allow them to transfer and profit from their scientific and technological advances for a longer period of time.

[2] 地方政府债券自发代还试点范围继续扩大。

More local governments were selected to begin issuing their own bonds on a trial basis that the central government would pay off.

例句[1]的英文译文中增加了“selected”一词,中文原文虽然没有出现对应的表述,却是符合中国实际情况的,只有在读透原文,并了解相关政策的具体实施情况的基础上才能在翻译中做出这样恰当的加法。同样,在翻译例句[2]时,必须先了解地方证券“自发代还”这一政策,弄明白由谁偿还,才能准确做加法,将中文中缺失的表述补充完整,便于读者理解。

4. 中文出现大段文字表诉,隐含多层逻辑关系,却没有连接词,这时,我们也需要在读通读透原文的基础上,理清其内在逻辑关系,添加必要的连接词或做其他添加,以使译文层次分明,行文连贯通顺,并且避免单调重复。例如:

[1] 教育支出3883.91亿元,完成预算的94%,增长2.7%,主要是据实结算的学生资助补助经费减少…

Spending on education was 388.319 billion yuan, 94% of the budgeted figure and an increase of 2.7%. Spending came out short of the budget mainly because student financial aid and subsidies executed according to the actual numbers of students were less than the budgeted figure…

[2] 围绕落实《党政机关厉行节约反对浪费条例》,发布了中央和国家机关会议费、培训费、差旅费、外宾接待经费、因公临时出国经费和因公短期出国培训经费等管理办法,增强制度的可操作性和权威性,为建立健全厉行节约反对浪费长效机制奠定了基础。

Focusing on implementing the Regulations on Practicing Thrift and Opposing Waste in Party and Government Bodies, we formulated measures for managing expenditures of the bodies of the CPC Central Committee and the central government on meetings, training, business travel, hospitality for foreign guests, temporary overseas trips, short-term overseas training and other official business purposes, thus making the system more operational and authoritative and providing a foundation for establishing a sound, permanent mechanism.

5. 对于中国特有的称谓,包括地名,物名,需要展开翻译,译文内容“具体化”。例如:

开展东北四省区“节水增粮行动”。

We launched a campaign to save water and increase grain output in Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces and Inner Mongolia.

政治文献中译英翻译中需要做减法的情况,通常包括以下几种情况:

1. 中文中出现重复强调,并列表述时。中文为了突出强调,或考虑到文章的工整押韵,时常会出现重复表述,或者用不同表述表达同一个意思,这时我们可以适当做减法,合并同类项或者翻译一种表述既可。例如:

[1] 根据国家中长期发展规划和宏观调控需要,确定中期财政政策,研究编制三年财政规划,对规划期内一些重大改革、重要政策和重大项目,研究政策目标、运行机制、评价办法…。

On the basis of the national plan for long- and mid-term development and macro-control needs, we will develop mid-term fiscal policies and formulate a three-year fiscal plan. With regard to the major reforms, policies and projects that will be included in that plan, we will research policy goals, operational mechanisms, and assessment methods.

[2] 各地区、各部门在党中央、国务院的坚强领导下,团结一心、奋力拼搏,经济社会发展稳中有进、稳中向好。

All regions and government departments united as one, worked hard, and made progress in economic and social development while maintaining stability under the firm leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and the State Council.

2. 中文多次重复出现同一名词,或者动词短语时,可以灵活运用英文中的代词,为译文“减肥瘦身”。例如:

[1] 合理区分公共性的层次,稳步推进民生相关领域的制度建设,鼓励社会资本参与民生事业建设。

We steadily built up systems for improving people’s well-being on the basis of determining how public programs for this purpose are, and encouraged the use of nongovernmental capital in such programs.

[2] 出台了政府向社会力量购买服务的指导意见,积极组织开展政府购买服务工作。

We have unveiled guidelines for government procurement of public services from nongovernmental sectors and actively organized and carried out this work.

3. 当中文的表述呈“展开式”,即用多个动词或短句表述同一个意思时,我们也可以对其进行综合和整合,在不丢失原文意思的情况下,简洁而贴切的翻译。例如:

开展了财政存量资金的摸底和分析工作。

We obtained a clear picture of the funds the government had in hand.

4.当中文中有既存事实性表述时,英文中也可以省略不译,这样不仅不会漏译,而且会使译文在逻辑上更通顺,行文更简洁。例如:

[1] 中央与地方的事权和支出责任划分存在不清晰、不合理、不规问题。

Powers and spending responsibilities between the central government and local governments are not clearly defined, rational, or standardized.

[2] 树立起个人努力、各方面合理承担责任、勤劳致富的民生理念。

We cultivated the idea of everyone working hard, all sectors of society sharing responsibility, and getting rich through hard work.

例句[1]中“不清晰、不合理、不规范”就是问题所在,所以译文直接翻译问题内容,而不拘泥于原文“存在…问题”的句式结构,这种处理是恰当的。与此类似,例句[2]中“个人努力、各方面合理承担责任、勤劳致富”的理念显然是和民生有关的,因此翻译过程中做了减法,将原文“民生理念”中的“民生”隐去不译,也是合理的。

5. 中文中出现无实指意义的虚词时,我们也可以果断减掉中文中的冗余,为译文减负。例如:

推进新能源财税政策转型。

We overhauled the fiscal and tax policies on new energy.

当然,做好政治文献中译英翻译中的加减法,没有放之四海而皆准的定律。我们往往需要结合上下文,灵活处理。虽然受其性质的约束,政治文献的翻译,不可能像文学翻译或其他文本的翻译那样对原文进行大刀阔斧的调整、修减和扩充,但是做好必要的删减和增添,我们的译文才能像修剪得当、装扮适宜、值得观赏的花卉盆景一样,更具有可读性和吸引力,更有效地对外宣传我们党和政府的执政理念和方针政策。

(作者单位:中共中央编译局中央文献翻译部英文处)