20年来国外学术界对邓小平南方谈话的研究【4】
三、结 语
总的来说,经过20年的发展,国外对邓小平南方谈话的研究呈现了逐渐客观深入的局面。这表现在他们逐渐修正了对邓小平南方谈话的一些错误认识。例如,在分析邓小平南方谈话为什么广为全党全国人民接受时,有的学者已经不再过于强调邓小平个人的威望,而是开始将研究的视角转向普通群众,分析他们的社会心态。例如,约翰?基廷斯分析了苏东垮台后中国普通大众的心态,指出经过10多年的经济改革,中国市场已经非常庞大,挣钱已经成为千百万人的核心活动,改革开放已经深入人心;而且,中国人的民族统一感非常强烈,经历了上个世纪军阀、内战,人们普遍害怕国家动荡。[47]在评价南方谈话精神及影响时,有学者突破国外尤其是西方所认为的“南方谈话转变了中国的发展方向,中国走向资本主义”的错误论断,开始承认并认真分析社会主义市场经济的“社会主义”特征。如罗伯特?劳伦斯?库恩指出:如果把“资本主义”定义为对工人进行无情剥削,或者定义为工业革命在19世纪到20世纪初欧美社会中的残酷表现,那么中国的确不是在搞“资本主义”;如果把“社会主义”定义为合理均衡的社会,定义为政府调控宏观经济和部分产业的社会,那么中国的确也没有逐步放弃“社会主义”[48]。也有学者开始认真研究邓小平的共产主义信仰和他关于社会主义的具体论述,如兰斯?戈尔指出:“苏东垮台后,当全世界都相信共产主义已经都被扔进历史的垃圾堆时,邓小平却坚定地宣布了他的共产主义信仰”,“邓小平是最被世界误解的共产主义者,虽然他被毛泽东怀疑为资本主义路线者,被西方媒体描绘为隐密的自由派,但是他对社会主义(作为一个通向共产主义的历史阶段)的信仰以及在中国如何实现它的认识是一贯的、相当的稳定的”[49]。
国外学术界的这些认识,对于国外社会正确地认识中国特色社会主义理论与实践,正确认识中国特色社会主义社会性质及中国的未来,无疑是有很大帮助的。
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[9]【俄】 B﹒波尔加科夫著、马贵凡摘译:《邓小平与中国改革政策》,《国外中共党史研究动态》1995年第3期。
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[18] Zheng Yongnian, “Ideological Decline, the Rise of an Interest-based Social Order, and the Demise of Communism in China”. John Wong and Zheng Yongnian eds, The Nanxun Legacy and China's Development in the Post-Deng Era, p.182.
[19] 罗伯特?劳伦斯?库恩著、吕鹏等译:《中国30年:人类社会的一次伟大变迁》,世纪出版集团上海人民出版社,2008年,第106页。
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[21] Zheng Yongnian, “Ideological Decline, the Rise of an Interest-based Social Order, and the Demise of Communism in China”. John Wong and Zheng Yongnian eds, The Nanxun Legacy and China's Development in the Post-Deng Era, pp.181-182.
[22] John Wong, “ The Economics of the Nanxun”. John Wong and Zheng Yongnian eds, The Nanxun Legacy and China's Development in the Post-Deng Era, p.38、p.39.
[23] John Wong, “ The Economics of the Nanxun”. John Wong and Zheng Yongnian eds, The Nanxun Legacy and China's Development in the Post-Deng Era, p.39.
[24] 【日】渡边利夫、小岛朋之:《毛泽东与邓小平》,1994年,日本NTT出版社,第274、275页。参见韩凤琴编译:《日本学者评说邓小平的“南巡讲话”》,《国外中共党史研究动态》1995年第3期。
[25]【日】小竹一彰著、韩凤琴摘译:《中共十四大的政治意义》,《国外中共党史研究动态》1993年第5期。
[26] John Wong, “ The Economics of the Nanxun”. John Wong and Zheng Yongnian eds, The Nanxun Legacy and China's Development in the Post-Deng Era, p.39.
[27] John Wong and Zheng Yongnian eds, The Nanxun Legacy and China's Development in the Post-Deng Era, p.4.
[28] Michel Oksenberg, “ Deng Xiaoping’s Nanxun in Perspective”. John Wong and Zheng Yongnian eds, The Nanxun Legacy and China's Development in the Post-Deng Era, pp.19-26.
[29] John Wong, “ The Economics of the Nanxun”. John Wong and Zheng Yongnian eds, The Nanxun Legacy and China's Development in the Post-Deng Era, pp.39-40.
[30] John Wong, “ The Economics of the Nanxun”. John Wong and Zheng Yongnian eds, The Nanxun Legacy and China's Development in the Post-Deng Era, p.40.
[31] 矢吹晋:《邓小平》,日本讲谈社,1993年,第179-186页。转引自韩凤琴编译:《日本学者评说邓小平的“南巡讲话”》,《国外中共党史研究动态》1995年第3期。
[32] Zheng Yongnian, “Ideological Decline, the Rise of an Interest-based Social Order, and the Demise of Communism in China”. John Wong and Zheng Yongnian eds, The Nanxun Legacy and China's Development in the Post-Deng Era, p.174.
[33]【日】渡边利夫著,韩凤琴摘译:《邓小平的经济思想与改革开放》,《国外中共党史研究动态》1994年第6期。
[34] Richard Evans, Deng Xiaoping and the Making of Modern China. The Penguin Group Penguin Books,1993,pp.306-308.
[35]【日】渡边利夫、小岛朋之著,刘雪卿译:《毛泽东与邓小平》,(台北)大展出版社有限公司,1995年,第286页。
[36] 【俄】 B﹒波尔加科夫著、马贵凡摘译:《邓小平与中国改革政策》,《国外中共党史研究动态》1995年第3期。
[37] 【日】小竹一彰著、韩凤琴摘译:《中共十四大的政治意义》,《国外中共党史研究动态》1993年第5期。
[38] Ezra F. Vogel, Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China. Harvard University Press, 2011, p.689.
[39] Zheng Yongnian, “Ideological Decline, the Rise of an Interest-based Social Order, and the Demise of Communism in China”. John Wong and Zheng Yongnian eds, The Nanxun Legacy and China's Development in the Post-Deng Era, p.174.
[40] Ezra F. Vogel, Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China, p.688.
[41] John Wong, “ The Economics of the Nanxun”. John Wong and Zheng Yongnian eds, The Nanxun Legacy and China's Development in the Post-Deng Era, pp.45-46.
[42] John Wong, “ The Economics of the Nanxun”. John Wong and Zheng Yongnian eds, The Nanxun Legacy and China's Development in the Post-Deng Era, p.46.
[43]矢吹晋:《邓小平》,日本讲谈社,1993年,第188页,转引自韩凤琴编译:《日本学者评说邓小平的“南巡讲话”》,《国外中共党史研究动态》1995年第3期。
[44] 【法】夏泰宁:《社会转型时期中国人观念的变化——写在邓小平南巡之后》,齐欣等编译:《世界著名政治家、学者论邓小平》,上海人民出版社,1999年,第672-686页。
[45] Zheng Yongnian, “Ideological Decline, the Rise of an Interest-based Social Order, and the Demise of Communism in China”. John Wong and Zheng Yongnian eds, The Nanxun Legacy and China's Development in the Post-Deng Era, pp.173-191.
[46] Lance L. P. Gore, “Dream on: Communists of the Dengist Brand in Capitalistic China”. John Wong and Zheng Yongnian eds, The Nanxun Legacy and China's Development in the Post-Deng Era, pp197-220.
[47] John Gittings, Changing Face of China: From Mao to Market. Oxford University Press, 2006, p.251.
[48]参见罗伯特·劳伦斯·库恩:《中国30年:人类社会的一次伟大变迁》,第119页。
[49] Lance L. P. Gore, “Dream on: Communists of the Dengist Brand in Capitalistic China”. John Wong and Zheng Yongnian eds, The Nanxun Legacy and China's Development in the Post-Deng Era, p.202.
来源:当代中国史研究
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